Law Of International Insurance contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Law Of International Insurance contracts - Essay Example The Convention recognized the inherent risks of the aviation industry, thus, it seek to protect the airline companies by putting limitations on its liabilities towards it passengers and cargo. To strike a balance between protecting the interest of the airline companies and protecting the welfare of the passengers, the framers of the Warsaw Convention 1929 instituted provisions that define the certain terms. Section 17 of the Warsaw convention specifically said that, â€Å"The carrier is liable for damage sustained in the event of the death or wounding of a passenger or any other bodily injury suffered by a passenger, if the accident which caused the damage so sustained took place on board the aircraft or in the course of any of the operations of embarking or disembarking. â€Å" The definition of â€Å"accident† according to the Warsaw Convention has been the subject of many debates and arguments in and outside of the courts for several years. In settling arguments, the courts have defined the word â€Å"accident† in many decided cases both in the United States and the in the United Kingdom. To get a clearer picture of how the courts define the word â€Å"accident† and how this definition has affected the insurable interests of aircrafts and their passengers, let us take a closer look at the leading cases decided by the Courts. The definition of the word â€Å"accident† in the airline industry is the same in both the United States and the United Kingdom. Note that the Warsaw Convention was meant to establish a uniform liability of airline companies towards their passengers thus, the courts, in defining the word â€Å"accident† according to Article 17 of the convention, adopt a more or less interpretation. According to the provisions of the Warsaw Convention, it is not enough that the carrier failed to convince the court that it took all necessary

Effectiveness of Educational Intervention for Mothers

Effectiveness of Educational Intervention for Mothers CHAPTER V DISCUSSION, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS, LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter deals with discussion, summary and conclusions drawn. It clarifies the limitations of the study, the implications and recommendations given for different areas in Nursing practice, Nursing education, Administration and Research. The primary purpose of the intervention was, â€Å"care of premature babies†. DISSCUSSION: The birth of a baby before the developing organs is mature enough to allow normal postnatal survival. Premature infants are at greater risk for short and long term complications, including disabilities and impediments in growth and mental development. Significant progress has been made in the care of premature infants, but not in reducing the  prevalence  of preterm birth. Preterm birth is among the top causes of death in infants worldwide DEMOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION: Mean age of the respondents were years. Most of the respondents were in the age group of 21-30 years (72.5%). In regard to education out of 40 respondents 13(32.5%) were post graduate, occupation 32(80%) were employed, religion 37 (92.5%) belonged to Hindu religion, with regard to monthly income 16(40%) were under 11000-20000, as for the years of marriage 25(62.5%) respondents were married for 1-5 years. Regarding type of family 25(62.5%) were in nuclear family. Demographic variables of the babies were included, out of 40 mothers 25 (62.5%) were having male baby. Considering the weight of the baby 17 (39.5%) were having more than 2 kg, considering the type of delivery 32(80%) had LSCS. Regarding the gestational age 22(55%) was under 32+1-35 weeks of gestation. Regarding the number of hospitalization 19(47.5%) were less than 10 days. The first objective of the study was to assess the caring skills of mothers with premature babies The present study findings revealed that, the mean pretest knowledge score of the respondents were 12.12. The mean post test knowledge score obtained was 18. The findings revealed that, the mean coping abilities of mothers with premature baby was 82.65. Chen TJ et al., (1998) conducted a study on effectiveness of videotape education for mothers of prematurity. The researcher selected Sixty two mothers were randomly assigned to a control group or experimental group. During hospitalization mothers were assigned to the experimental group received additional study regarding the knowledge and skills of caring for premature infants. The mothers in the control group received routine educational care. The findings indicated that mothers who received a videotape education reported having more knowledge and confidence of caring their preterm babies than the mothers who were in the control group. Moreover mothers in the experimental group have perceived lower stress than in the control group. The second objective of the study was to determine the effect of educational intervention on caring skills and coping ability of mothers with premature babies The present study findings revealed that, that the mean pretest and post test knowledge score of respondents before and after the educational intervention on care of premature babies were 12.12 and 18 respectively. The t’ value is 21.32 for the mean difference in the pretest and post tests knowledge score of mothers with premature babies, it is significant at 0.05 levels. These findings substantiate that the educational intervention is effective intervention of knowledge gain. The finding is consistent with swati.s.,(2013) conducted a study on to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding management of low birth weight babies among postnatal mothers in selected community. Researcher selected forty postnatal mothers by using convenient sampling technique. Researcher used one group pretest posttest design. The conclusion of the study showed that overall mean score of the subjects in pretest was 56.25% with the standard deviation of 2.80, and the overall mean score of the posttest was 76.25%with the standard deviation of 2.28. The ‘t’value 13.96 was greater than the table value. It found to be a highly significant level of p The findings revealed that, the mean coping abilities of mothers with premature baby was 82.65.the percentage of overall coping score was 65.59%. The third objective of the study was to correlate the caring skills and coping abilities of mothers with premature babies For correlation of caring skills and coping abilities of mother’s formula of correlation coefficient was used. The obtained value is .76 which shows that there exists a correlation between the caring skills and coping abilities of mothers with premature babies. The finding is consistent with Han, et al., study on the report of coping strategies and psychosocial adjustment in Korean mothers of children with cancer. Researcher selected 200 Korean mothers. The conclusion of this study was the Korean mothers reported coping strategies related to maintaining family integration of an optimistic outlook for the situation as being most helpful. The most frequent use of coping pattern was maintaining family integration and an optimistic outlook for the situation. And the less frequent use of coping pattern was the information seeking were significantly associated with lower physiological distress and better family relationship after children’s medical and maternal characteristics were controlled for. Coping pattern, seeking social support was only predictive of social support. The fourth objective of the study was to associate the caring skills and coping ability of mothers with selected demographic variables In this study there is no association between pretest and posttest knowledge of caring skills and coping abilities of mothers with premature babies with demographic variables of mothers with premature babies (education, occupation monthly income and type of the family). SUMMARY The study was done to determine the effectiveness of educational intervention on caring skills and coping abilities of mothers with premature babies in KMCH hospital at Coimbatore, for which the following objectives are formulated. Assess the caring skills of mothers with premature babies Determine the effect of educational intervention on caring skills and coping ability of mothers with premature babies Correlate the caring skills and coping abilities of mothers with premature babies Associate the caring skills and coping ability of mothers with selected demographic variables The present study adopted single pretest posttest design forty respondents were selected by purposive sampling technique. The study is based on Modified Ludwigvon Bertalanffy general system model (1968). The study was conducted for a period of six weeks in KMCH. The tool for data collection are structured self administered questionnaire for assessing the caring skills of mothers with premature babies and CHIPS(coping health inventory for parents) to assessing the coping abilities of mothers with premature babies. The educational intervention given to the mother by computer. After the seventh day post test and coping ability was assessed through CHIPS. In the post test the entire respondents gained knowledge regarding caring skills of mothers with premature babies. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used in statistical analysis. Karl person’s coefficient of correlation was used to find out the correlation between caring skills and coping abilities of mothers with premature babies. Chi –square was used to find out association between background variables with caring skills and coping abilities of mothers with premature babies. The study tested and accepted that, there is a high positive correlation between caring skills and coping abilities of mothers with premature babies. MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY The mean pretest knowledge of the respondents were 12.12 The mean posttest knowledge of the respondents were 18 The mean coping abilities the respondents were 82.65 The ‘t’ value is 21.32 for the mean difference in the pretest posttest knowledge score of respondents which is statistically significant at 0.05 level. CONCLUSION The following conclusion was drawn from the study. Effectiveness of one to one teaching programme improving the mother’s caring skills of premature babies. The study proved that there is a significant difference between pretest and posttest knowledge of caring skills of mothers premature babies. The study proved that the caring skills was positively correlated with their coping score The study proved that there is no association between the caring skills and coping abilities with their selected demographic variables IMPLICATIONS Numerous implications can be drawn from the present study for practice which promotes and creates a new dimension to nursing profession and will bring numerical changes in the practical behaviors. The present study results have several implications on nursing practice, nursing education, nursing administration, and nursing research. Nursing practice Nurses can teach the care of premature babies to mothers whose babies admitted in NICU by using LCD. Motivate the mothers to give better care to their babies. Nursing education The study helps to provide knowledge in preparing mothers to provide care to the babies. Nurse educators can encourage the students to gain knowledge in care of premature babies. Nurse educator can encourage the students to learn skills in demonstrating care of premature babies in obstetrical and gynaecological wards. Nurse educator can prepare the nurses in motivating the mothers for care of premature babies by means of explanation and demonstration. Nursing administration Nurse administrator can plan and organize in service education for nursing personnel regarding care of premature babies. Nurse administrator can encourage the nursing personnel to conduct a longitudinal study of caring skills of premature babies. Nurse administrator can organize a video show regarding the caring skills of premature babies. Nursing research Nurses must develop newer instructional technology towards nursing education and nursing practice on care of premature babies. The study gives emphasis to practice evidence based findings. The study lays down a foundation for further research LIMITATIONS Only forty samples were included in the study due to the time constraints. The study is limited to who has delivered baby before 37 weeks of gestation. RECOMMENDATIONS A similar study can be conducted for a large group in different areas on a long term basis. Similar study can be conducted among other health personnel. Similar study can be conducted by using true experimental design. Similar study can be conducted by using different teaching strategies. A comparative study can be conducted to assess the knowledge and practice in care of premature babies among normal delivery and LSCS mothers ABSTRACT The present study entitled â€Å"Effectiveness of educational intervention on knowledge regarding caring skills and coping abilities of mothers with premature babies at KMCH in Coimbatore†. The objectives of the study were as follows, assess caring skills and coping abilities of mothers with premature babies, determine the effect of educational intervention on knowledge regarding caring skills and coping ability of mothers with premature babies, compare the pretest and post test score of caring skills of mothers with premature babies, associate the caring skills and coping ability of mothers with selected demographic variables. The Design of the study was Single group pretest posttest pre experimental design experimental design. The study was conducted at KMCH maternity wards and NICU, Coimbatore, the sample size for this study was included 40 mothers with premature babies. Purposive sampling technique was adapted for this study. And the conceptual frameworks for this study we re developed by applying Ludwigvon Bertalanffy (1968) general system theory. The outcome measure of this study was knowledge regarding caring skills of mothers were assessed before and after educational intervention through administration of structured questionnaire and the coping abilities of mothers were assessed through modified coping health inventory for parents (MCHIPS) computer assisted teaching was given to the mothers. The results of the study was the mean pretest and posttest knowledge scores of the mothers with premature babies before and after educational intervention were 12.12 and 18.while mean score of coping abilities of the mothers with premature babies were 82.65.In comparison of caring skills and coping abilities, ‘t’ value of caring skills was 21.32 which is significant at 0.05 level. Coefficient of correlation between caring skills and coping ability is 0.76 which shows that there is a high positive correlation between caring skills and coping abili ty. There is no association between pretest and posttest knowledge score of the respondents on caring skills of mothers with premature babies and their education, occupation, income, type of family. The conclusions of the study were the teaching intervention of the caring skills of premature babies has significantly improved their knowledge and coping abilities.

why i want to become a doctor Essay -- essays research papers

There is one Haitian proverb that has never lost its potency, despite the atmosphere of economic adversity, numerous civil wars, and political unrest:  ¡Ã‚ °Piti, piti, wazo fe nich li. ¡Ã‚ ± Literally, the phrase means,  ¡Ã‚ °Little by little, the bird builds its nest ¡Ã‚ ±; figuratively, it represents building one ¡Ã‚ ¯s way,  ¡Ã‚ °little by little,  ¡Ã‚ ± toward one ¡Ã‚ ¯s goals in life. To further understand the saying ¡Ã‚ ¯s significance, we should first consider the nature of birds. From tailorbirds that suture leaves together to some hummingbirds and pee wee wrens that use lichen and spider webs to build their nests, we can see the resourcefulness birds demonstrate in obtaining nest-building materials. My life has been a similar process of building a metaphorical nest -- acquiring such qualities as compassion, dedication, and leadership through a variety of experiences to prepare for a successful career as a physician. As a bird builds through changing seasons, I too have prepared for the study of medicine through variously themed  ¡Ã‚ °seasons ¡Ã‚ ± in my life. During high school, for example, I focused my activities on serving the various communities of which I am a part. After joining Mt. Olivet SDA Church, I became involved with the community of Williamsville, New York -- participating in an anti-drug rally and health fair, leading local public speaking events, singing in church choirs at nursing homes, and visiting hospitalized church members. I was also a mentor and counselor for underprivileged children...

Intercultural communication Essay

Prejudice The purpose of this paper is to discuss the idea that ‘prejudice can never be eliminated because it is so deeply rooted in human nature. ’ This idea seems to be accurate when reflecting on daily events, which occur in society. Most people believe that they are not prejudiced against others, but more often than not, they are prejudiced even when they are not aware of that fact. For example, it is a known fact within the criminal justice system, that members of ethic minority groups are found guilty more often in cases where there is insufficient evidence. This situation is extremely common especially when the jury is composed of Caucasians. â€Å"More diverse juries, specifically ones that include black and white members, are more likely to share information, make fewer errors in evaluating the facts, and perhaps reach fairer verdicts than all-white juries,† (MacGregor, 2006). Moreover, ethnic minorities receive longer prison sentences that Caucasians for the same criminal offenses. It is human nature to sympathize more with people who are similar to us and to give them the benefit of the doubt. However, when dealing with people who are completely different from us we are more likely to discriminate, subconsciously and sometimes consciously. â€Å"Ordinary racism is very hard to see if you are white,† (Blee, 2003). In general, America is an ethnocentric country. When Americans travel all around the world, we will notice that in most countries the people speak several languages and learning different languages is something to be proud of. However, in America, we do not want to accept other languages into the American culture. We think that the English language is somehow superior and believe that the rest of the world should try to learn ‘our’ language. Even when we do business globally, we expect our global business partners to speak English while we make no effort to learn their languages. We make comments such as ‘they drive on the wrong side of the street’. How is it that they are wrong and we are correct? We express disgust when we hear that some countries in Asia eat ‘dogs. ’ We do not realize that some cultures in Asia are disgusted with Americans because we eat ‘cows. ’ Who decided that dogs are superior to cows? Ethnocentrism often leads to danger. We misunderstand others because we can only see the world through our eyes, and we fail to realize that the problem is not the other culture. â€Å"The problem is that we do not understand and we don’t know that we don’t understand,† (Barger, 2004). I believe that the best way to lessen the negative effects prejudice is through education and personal experiences. We need to learn more about different ethnic groups, other countries and foreign languages. The most effective way is to travel to different countries. If this is not possible, we can begin by making friends with people from different cultural backgrounds and make an effort to understand their views of the world. We are becoming a global society, and in the future we will be forced to learn more about other cultures. We may even be required to learn other languages. I believe that people are more alike than different. Everyone has something in common with someone from a different ethnic group. We should make a connection. This will lead to a better understanding of others and ourselves. This will also help to reduce prejudice. References Barger, K. (2004). Ethnocentrism. What is it? Why are People Ethnocentric? What is the Problem? What Can We do About it? Retrieved April 16, 2007, from http://www. iupui. edu/~anthkb/ethnocen. htm Blee, K. (2003). In C. Gill Created Equal. Retrieved April 16, 2007, from http://www. umc. pitt. edu/PITTMAG/summer2003/feature1. html MacGregor, H. (2006). When Diversity Adds Fairness. Retrieved April 16, 2007, from http://ase. tufts. edu/psychology/sommerslab/LATimes. html.

New Product Development for Marketing Essay

Competition used to be between firms of same size and same capabilities, today the situation has changed and we can see competition between what is considered small and big firms and form different countries. The world is more globalized and flatter and big numbers of firms have equal resources and mean of production. According to Thomas Friedman there are reason behind a flatter world and reduced gap between firms in different countries (Insourcing, outsourcing, off shoring and supply-chain†¦). The concept of triple convergence is an addition reason for world flattener, the first convergence is when all ten flatteners work together to create a flatter, global playing field; the second convergence adopts new habits like moving from vertical to horizontal mean of creating value, in other words we must understand the process of new technology internally in a firm before the outcome reach the consumers, and finally the third convergence is the introduction of new people and tools in the production process and leads to more competition and connection between peoples. Out of clutter find simplicity, from discord find harmony and in the middle of difficulty lays opportunity† (Einstein). All entrepreneurs and CEOs are reacting to the changes in the world in recent years and the flattening of the world; it is clear that small and big firms are running after economic growth but can they do it without change in their core ideology? What must firms do to stay in business in a flat world? There is evidence today that all kind of firms and big companies are almost using the same technologies, markets and research innovations; this would lead to a competition between small and local firm and other international firms and even competition between countries. â€Å"What is unique about the flat world is the degree to which individuals, or small groups, can now act and compete globally† (Friedman 2005 p 447). Innovation comes from creating an environment that encourages people to stretch their imagination and turn the ideas into finished goods and services. These characteristics (technology, innovation and market studies) will allow the small firms to act big by implementing what you are imagining. The best example of a local or regional firm and competing with multinational firms is Aramex; the first package delivery service in the Arab world. When Fadi Ghandour the founder and current CEO of Aramex started the company, there was only one service parcel delivery operating in the Middle East and it was DHL. How Aramex became a competitor to DHL? They ecide to approach American companies like FedEx and offer them to be their delivery service in the Middle East in order to beat DHL because Aramex knows the Arab markets more than Airborne express and they started the delivery with the partnership of small delivery firms from Egypt to turkey and Saudi Arabia and lately to Iran and Pakistan, so as a result Aramex created its own network. In addition Aramex adopted Airborne system (computerized tracking and tracing system, unified language, and quality standards); as a result Aramex dominated the parcel delivery service in the Arab world. When DHL acquired Airborne and Aramex was left alone with no system to use, so they developed new one with the help of Jordanian software and industrial engineers and depend on the web and real-time tracking and tracing. Now the small company step up to replace Airborne due to an effective global network, by focusing on a specific market and serving it with high quality service with lower time and costs. Now Aramex is considered a flat company, according to Ghandour every worker in the company has a computer with e-mail and internet access so he can know what is going on without many reports from senior managers. He also said: â€Å"I was big locally and small internationally and I reversed that†. Aramex has benefited from the flattening of the world by leveling the economic field and breaking trade to barriers, any company in the world can compete globally. Oligopoly market used to show us a market with a dominant firm and others described as follower and mostly considered small firms; the dominant firm can set a low price and make it difficult to small firms to compete and sometimes force them to leave the market. When world become more flat according to Friedman, small firms can compete with bigger ones and the competition is not only small against small and big firms against each others. The main reasons behind the reduction of the gap between small and big firms are: technology, innovation, Insourcing, and market niche. These will help small firms to reduce costs and increase quality and prevent big firms from enjoying economies of scale and putting barriers to entry; the example of Aramex is an inspirational closing thought; one of a small Arab company that made it big in the world platform:

The Life of William Blake essays

The Life of William Blake essays Where the melodious winds have birth; The languid strings do scarcely move! The sound is forc'd, the notes are few! In those lines, it has been said, the eighteenth century dies to music. (Wilson 1) The writer of these lines was William Blake, English poet, painter and engraver who created a unique form of illustrated verse. His poetry, inspired by mystical vision, is among the most original, lyric, and prophetic in the English language. William Blake has become one of the English speaking worlds most renowned poets and artists. (Essick 9) His writings are taught frequently in schools and studied by scholars. However, in his lifetime, his works were hardly known except for a small group of patrons and connoisseurs. His symbolic pictures and visionary poems are not always easy to understand, because he invented his own mythology to express his ideas. His pictures and poems reveal a powerful artistic imagination. William Blake was born on November 28, 1757, the third of five children born to James and Catherine Blake. His father was a London hosier, living at 28 Broad Street, Golden Square. Although Mr. Blake was a non-conformist, William was christened on the eleventh of December at St. James Church, Picadilly (Wilson 4) London, where he lived for all but three years of his life, and the social class of shopkeepers in which he was raised, had great influences on the course of Blakes life. He started having visions, where he saw angels walking around, when he was only four years old. This disturbed his truth-loving parents. Because William was strange and stormy, his father decided he should be spared the discipline of school. His mother was probably the one who taught him to read and write. While Blake received very little of traditional education, he was well versed in Greek and Latin literature, the Bible, and Milton. Blake continued to grow intellec...

Ideal Body Shape Essays

Ideal Body Shape Essays Ideal Body Shape Paper Ideal Body Shape Paper The results showing that Asians chose a thinner ideal body shape than the rest of the ethnic groups is supported by the study conducted in 1991 by Mumford et al. These studies demonstrate how influential media images can be on a persons perception of the ideal body shape and how these images may contribute to a sense of dissatisfaction of ones own body image. This can be dangerous as this can ultimately lead to an eating disorder in a search of perfection. he researches hypotheses are mainly based around the behavioural model and doesnt take into account that body image may be affected by a biochemical imbalance (Keesey and Corbett 1983), a means in which a woman can remain children to avoid responsibility (Freud), negative self-evaluation (Fairburn et al 1999), family conflict (Minuchin et al 1978), pressure to succeed or struggling fro a sense of identity. Improvements could be made to the study by implementing a more efficient and unbiased sampling technique such as stratified sampling; increasing the sample size; take age into account when selecting participants. A suggestion for a follow up research would be to see if ideal body shape changed depending on the length of time that an immigrant originating from a country outside Western society has been living in the United Kingdom and therefore the length of time they have been exposed to Western ideals of attractiveness. References Fairburn, C.G., Cooper, Z., Doll, H.A. and Welch, S.L. (1999) Risk factors for anorexia nervosa, Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, pp.468-76. Keesy, R.E. and Corbett, S.W. (1983)Metabolic defence of the body weight set-point, in A.J. Stunkard and E.Steller (eds) Eating and Its Disorders, New York: Raven Press. Minuchin,S., Rosman, B.L. and Baker, L. (1978) Psychosomatic Families: Anorexia Nervosa in Context , Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press. Mumford, D.B., Whitehouse, A.M. and plattes, M.(1991) Sociocultural correlates of eating disorders among Asian schoolgirls in Bradford, British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, pp.222-8. Nasser, M. (1996) Comparative study of the prevalence of abnormal eating attitudes among Arab female students of both London and Cairo universities, Psychological Medicine, 16, pp.621-7.

Waiting with Bated Breath

Waiting with Bated Breath Waiting with Bated Breath Waiting with Bated Breath By Maeve Maddox I laughed when I read the following in a film review: Richard M. Nixon granted British playboy presenter turned journalist David Frost a series of twelve television interviews. This was the first time Nixon had spoken since his resignation in the midst of the Watergate scandal and Americans waited with baited breath, longing for the trial they’d been denied by newly president Gerald Ford’s blanket pardon. What, I wondered, did those Americans use for bait on their breath? I’m no longer laughing. Apparently a lot of people don’t know that the word is spelled bated in the expression bated breath. Journalists tend to spell it correctly: China’s three astronauts are preparing for the nations first ever space walk as the country waited with bated breath to see if the manoeuvre, deemed highly risky, would be successful. With global automotive CEOs and leaders like Mr Carlos Ghosn saying that his company too would like to explore the possibility of manufacturing a similar car, the world’s media too has been waiting with bated breath for the Tata ultra-low cost car. Shoppers waited with bated breath in November to see what the future of Santas beady, winking eye was after he received a makeover. Many bloggers, on the other hand, tend to go with â€Å"baited† We waited with baited breath, turned our lonely eyes 2 U It was now Rome who waited with baited breath for the day when an army would sweep down.. â€Å"I was waiting with baited breath until I could order my prints. I was then waiting with baited breath until the order was confirmed. I then waited with baited breath until they arrived here in Melbourne, Australia. Now I am waiting with baited breath until they are back from the framing shop and I can hang all three in my house and gaze at them adoringly each time I pass them. The expression bated breath is another that we owe to Shakespeare: Shall I bend low and in a bondmans key, With bated breath and whispering humbleness, Say this; Fair sir, you spit on me on Wednesday last; You spurnd me such a day; another time You calld me dog; and for these courtesies Ill lend you thus much moneys? Shylock is speaking, with heavy sarcasm, to Antonio in the Merchant of Venice (I,iii). A bondman is a slave or an indentured servant who could be expected to speak in a quiet voice to his masters and betters. The bated in the expression is from a shortening of the verb abate and, in the form bate, means â€Å"to reduce, to lessen in intensity.† The expression under discussion is the only survival of the word in modern English. The person who â€Å"speaks with bated breath† is not using full lung power. The person who â€Å"waits with bated breath† is holding his breath, or barely breathing. Abate comes from Old French abattre, â€Å"to beat down, cast down. from a Latin origin meaning â€Å"to beat.† The word abattoir, a place where cattle are slaughtered, derives from the same source. In modern usage, abate is used most frequently in a legal context. For example, â€Å"noise abatement laws† seek to control sources of excessive noise. The noun bait, food put on a hook or trap to lure prey,† is from an Old Norse word. As a verb it means â€Å"to put food on a hook or in a trap.† And yes, there is one context in which â€Å"baited breath† would be correct: Cruel Clever Cat Sally, having swallowed cheese, Directs down holes the scented breeze, Enticing thus with baited breath Nice mice to an untimely death. Geoffrey Taylor, Argosy 1940 Otherwise, it’s bated breath. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in SYay, Hooray, Woo-hoo and Other Acclamations20 Classic Novels You Can Read in One Sitting

Does Audit Regulation Ensure Auditor Independence Dissertation

Does Audit Regulation Ensure Auditor Independence - Dissertation Example Unlike the legal representatives, he is not projected to make out a case. The nature of the service he provides is impersonal (Sells, 1908). Near the beginning of 1928, a perspective in the Paper of Accountancy emphasized the subsistence of a clash of interest when an auditor is a stockowner, executive, or leader of the association. It declared: The accountant should be absolutely detached from financial or other contribution in the success or failure of an activity under audit that no one could ever point an indicting finger, however unfairly, and allege the likelihood of bias (Journal of Accountancy, 1928). Carey and Doherty (1966) arose with three different views of auditor independence: First, in the logic of not being subsidiary, it means candour, veracity, objectivity and dependability. Subsequent, in the constricted sense in which it is exercised in association with auditing and articulation of views on economic proclamations, independence means evasion of any affiliation that would be probably, even unintentionally, to spoil the chartered accountant's independence as reviewer. Last of all, it means evasion of associations that to a sensible onlooker would advise an argument of interest. The auditing line of work has come under regular analysis regarding the auditor's perceived objectivity: In 1970, Forbes brought out editorial inquiring auditor independence by hoisting the following: As auditors are chosen and remunerated by management, are they really independent (Forbes, 1970). In 1974, the Wall Street Journal issued one more editorial in which an investor condemned a $1.6 million lend by the bank to the firm's... This study looks into the importance of auditor independence was acknowledged by the UK in 1845. Most states have copied the UK track in entailing that independent auditors review economic reports. Most nations view auditor independence not just as an officially authorized precept but also an ethical affair to deem with. Most rules of moral code prescribe arguments of importance by not: allowing the auditor to work as director or member of staff of the firm audited; acting as a commercial trustee of the firm audited, admitting or warranting loans from or to an audit customer, having a straight or circuitous matter interest in the firm audited, imagining operating tasks, having family rapport with the audit customer, or being in positions in which auditor independence is deduced to be weakened. As the access to the UK into the European General Market (EEC) and the ratification of the Eighth Company Law Directive on auditor's credentials, the European nations are publicizing themselves with the American thought of auditor independence. Some opponents think, however, those cultural discrepancies among European nations make the perception of auditor independence a type of casement dressing. According to the research findings, this paper makes a conclusion that this may be the motive that directed the International Audit Committee of the International Federation of Accounting to permit the local governments' agreement with issues of auditor independence and other correlated issues.

Bottoms Up Market Sizing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bottoms Up Market Sizing - Research Paper Example With unit investment trust which are registered companies that posses both characteristics of mutual funds and closed-end funds, their presence is attributed to low number of investment companies below year 2000 level despite net increase since in 2005. The number of new UITs has increased by 2011 by opening 51 new trusts, while closed end fund sponsors had increased with 10 by 2011 since year2005 (Investment Company institute, p, 17). ETFs which are regarded as hybrid of other investment companies (Dow Jones& company) have continued to increase with significant speed where 216 new fund have been opened, on net, by 2011 there were 1,166 ETFs which is 15 times that existed at year 2000 ( Investment Company institute,p.19). ... ,880 642 743 5,984 16,249 2009 8,612 627 820 6,049 16,108 8,540 624 950 5,971 16,085 2011 8,684 634 1,166 6,022 16,506 Source: Â   Source: Investment Company,p.19 Assets Managed By Fund Managers United state represented the world largest of mutual fund market, at the end of 2010 i.e. 11.8 trillion under management which is 48 % of global mutual fund asset under management (Investment Company institute, p.14). US registered investment companies managed $13 trillion by the end of 2011 (investment company fact book, p. 8) while this figure represent is a decrease of $ 129 billion since 2010. This is attributed to 1 % stock index fall hence decrease in total of net asset of fund invested in domestic equity market. Also through lowering of US equity and bond fund that held international asset, resulted to decrease in dollar value of non domestic securities in their portfolios (Investment Company institute, p.34). Asset under Fund Managers Year Tax-free debt trust assets (left scale) Taxa ble debt trust assets (left scale) Equity trust assets (left scale) Total trust assets (left scale) 1992 81 10 6 98 1993 71 9 8 88 1994 a 7 9 74 1995 51 8 14 73 1996 41 8 23 72 1997 38 6 41 85 1998 32 5 56 94 1999 26 4 62 92 2000 23 4 48 74 2001 19 4 26 49 2002 17 4 15 36 2003 13 3 19 36 2004 11 3 23 37 2005 10 2 29 41 2006 9 2 39 50 2007 8 2 43 53 2008 6 2 20 29 2009 10 4 25 38 2010 13 4 34 51 2011 16 4 41 60 Source: Investment Company institute, p.34 Revenue Generated By Assets under Fund Managers Financial currency trading market is quite dynamic with which changes daily and keep evolving as technology keep changing the course of online trading (Jeulin). Income represented by divided distribution mainly is generated from interest and divided earned from securities in fund manager

Outline what Kant understands by the sublime and the beautiful and Essay

Outline what Kant understands by the sublime and the beautiful and evaluate their usefulness for understanding the aesthetic - Essay Example In this regard, Immanuel Kant, one of the greatest (if not the greatest) modern philosophers has provided a guide with which humanity may be able to understand and explicate visions and experience of beauty in the human world. This paper intends to present an outline of Kant’s understanding of the sublime and the beautiful. And then, the author will determine and evaluate the usefulness of Kant’s discussion of the sublime and the beautiful for understanding the aesthetic experience. In lieu with this, the paper will have the following structure: first part will be the introduction where the intention and structure of the paper is presented. The second part will be a discussion Kant’s concept of beauty. The third part will be on Kant’s concept of the sublime and fourth part will be the evaluation of Kant’s discussion on the beautiful and the sublime. In the end, it is the hope of the author that the understanding gained from this exposition helps in creating a vision of a world that is authentically responsive to the presentations and representations of what it means to be a human person. Kant’s discussion of the beautiful starts with the claim that the judgement of taste is disinterested, â€Å"Taste is the faculty of judging an object or a method of representing it by an entirely disinterested satisfaction or dissatisfaction. The object of such satisfaction is called beautiful.†1 This implies that judgment of taste is impartial of any feelings or emotions since â€Å"We must not be in the least prejudiced in favour of the existence of the things, but be quite indifferent in this respect, in order to play the judge in things of taste.†2 This is the first condition of beauty.3 The second condition is that the pleasure from the disinterested satisfaction should be a universal voice bereft of any personal satisfactions or

Organizational Behavior by Strayer University Term Paper

Organizational Behavior by Strayer University - Term Paper Example Allstate Company’s efforts in goal-setting program are promising. Goal setting is characterized by a set of distinct conditions that help in evaluating the effectiveness of the goal-setting program. The employees should be in a position to attain the set goals of the company. Necessary knowledge and skills apply in this process, thereby measuring just how much the program is set to work out in favor of the company. In the context of this company, the idea of this condition is down pack. Current job skills and expertise in the company is highly evaluated in the present times in relation to the goals, mission and objectives of the company. Advancement program for employee skills and expertise is operational, training of workers put in place as well as mentoring services. Creative and critical skill development is therefore at the disposal of workers, and opportunities for advancement are therefore created. As much as the condition here is hectic to functionalize, it clarifies th e firm’s goals and initiates efficiency in the operations of the company (Andreas, 1998). Difficult goals call for maximum attention and analysis over time. This is the seconds step towards achieving functional goal-setting procedures. The employees must be upfront at all times in regard to the attainment of these difficult goals. Employees focus on their work has been enhanced in this company by the fact there is a childcare unit in the company. The childcare units are favorable to the users since they offer care discounts for the parents. Over and above this fact, Allstate use other means to keep the workers focused to the goals of the firm. These means are: offering dry cleaning services as well as oil-change services. There is therefore little or no time wasted by the employees during work hours when they need the aforementioned services. Day breaks allow the parents to see their children without wasting so much time. They can therefore work as required by the company (He llriegel & Slocum, 2011). Goal achievement progress need to be monitored at each point in time, and necessary feedback toward such progress reported from time to time. Allstate Company employs Diversity Index twice a year in effectuating this condition in its goal-setting program. Monitoring questions are set up every time a survey for the index is set up. The idea here is to assess whether the company indiscriminately provides quality services to all its customers in the market model. Another aspect highlighted by the index is the working environment that prevails in the company. This is meant to assess the comfort ability of the employees at the work place. The diversity and dynamism of the operation ability in the company determines the rationale of efficient goal setting program. The survey is fundamental to the overall performance of the company since it defines the employer-employee relationship in the working environment (Hellriegel & Slocum, 2011). Another condition necessar y to the goal setting program of the company is the need to break down complex goals into sub-goals. This is tailored towards mobilizing the employees to want to reach to the higher goals. However, in order to achieve the higher goals, all the sub-goals must be achieved. The employees will therefore want to achieve the sub-goals as much as possible in order to reach to the big goals. There are no identified sub-goals for the Allstate Company, but it is noticeably important that the company has established many goal-setting

Family Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Family Law - Essay Example of marriage relationships3 have made fair redistribution of financial assets on divorce a daunting task to judges, while the legal advisers and parties remain largely uncertain of the outcome. The present research attempts to understand the legal developments concerning ancillary relief over the past ten years in England and Wales, and analyse to what extent they have been successful in achieving a fair outcome for the parties concerned in such applications. Given the fact that a ‘fair outcome’ in a claim proceeding is influenced by the legislative coverage, the court’s approach in interpreting the provisions and the complexity rules and procedures, the review of legal developments shall essentially consider the major changes to the legislation, the major developments in case law as well as the changes to the rules and procedures towards achieving a fair outcome for the parties. Ancillary relief – the apportioning of financial assets and income of the parties to the marriage– remains one of the major issues to be resolved on divorce. The basic law and judicial considerations for ancillary relief are contained in Part II of the Matrimonial Causes Act (MCA) 1973, amended by the Matrimonial and Family Proceedings Act 1984 imposing a ‘clean break’ obligation on the courts. Statutory improvements have been impacted the provisions, a review of which shall be endeavoured. The 1973 Act provided courts with the power award maintenance and grant lump sums via division of income, but more significantly to make property adjustment orders, enabling capital division of assets.4 While this by itself was ‘revolutionary reforming measure,’5 as traditionally ancillary relief was limited to only income, the Act made no mention of the pension rights of the spouses, except merely stating it as a ‘benefit’ for consideration while dividing family assets. Considering the fact that during the marriage both parties would have looked to it as a joint fund for their

Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 5

Auditing - Essay Example The evaluation of the audit risks involved in the audit of the company is analyzed and thus explained their extent and effect. Along with the inherent risks of audit there are various other risks that are involved in the audit of a company. Auditors check for material misstatement in the financial statements and report accordingly. However there are risks involved in audit which are inherent risks as the management of the company is involved in the operations and recording of the transactions and thus provide assertions upon the financial statements of the company and thus the auditors are to check the assertions as well. The audit risks involved in the audit of Mobile Streams Plc. is elaborated below: The company is operating as a group and the financial statements prepared and presented are of the parent and of the group. The risk of disclosure of the related party disclosures along with the measurements of the holding percentages shall be a risky element in the financial statements. Mobile Streams Plc. undergoes complex, diverse and decentralized business operations as it is operating as a group and these characteristics increases the risk of material misstatements (C. WILLIAM & PHIL, 2013). Along with the management and disclosures of the complex accounting treatments there is a risk that accounting for the consolidation in the group shall not be properly accounted for as the local accounting treatments are different as to the level of adoption of financial reporting standards. The consolidation of the financial statements increases the risk as the financial information is obtained from different segments and then consolidated and the acquisition of information from wide sourc e increases the risk of misstatement. Consolidating the accounts of parent and subsidiary is a complex accounting treatment and thus increases the audit risks as per the

Family Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Family Law - Essay Example of marriage relationships3 have made fair redistribution of financial assets on divorce a daunting task to judges, while the legal advisers and parties remain largely uncertain of the outcome. The present research attempts to understand the legal developments concerning ancillary relief over the past ten years in England and Wales, and analyse to what extent they have been successful in achieving a fair outcome for the parties concerned in such applications. Given the fact that a ‘fair outcome’ in a claim proceeding is influenced by the legislative coverage, the court’s approach in interpreting the provisions and the complexity rules and procedures, the review of legal developments shall essentially consider the major changes to the legislation, the major developments in case law as well as the changes to the rules and procedures towards achieving a fair outcome for the parties. Ancillary relief – the apportioning of financial assets and income of the parties to the marriage– remains one of the major issues to be resolved on divorce. The basic law and judicial considerations for ancillary relief are contained in Part II of the Matrimonial Causes Act (MCA) 1973, amended by the Matrimonial and Family Proceedings Act 1984 imposing a ‘clean break’ obligation on the courts. Statutory improvements have been impacted the provisions, a review of which shall be endeavoured. The 1973 Act provided courts with the power award maintenance and grant lump sums via division of income, but more significantly to make property adjustment orders, enabling capital division of assets.4 While this by itself was ‘revolutionary reforming measure,’5 as traditionally ancillary relief was limited to only income, the Act made no mention of the pension rights of the spouses, except merely stating it as a ‘benefit’ for consideration while dividing family assets. Considering the fact that during the marriage both parties would have looked to it as a joint fund for their

President Truman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

President Truman - Essay Example In my opinion, the bombing was a brutal and totally unjustified measure that could have been avoided. First, this method was fundamentally inhumane and barbaric as bombs were dropped right on the cities populated by civilians (including children, of course) who had nothing to do with the warfare. If USA intended to demonstrate its military power ‘scaring’ Japanese government and forcing it to surrender, the bombs could have been dropped somewhere beyond the borders of the cities (e.g. in the harbor). Moreover, I would disagree with the arguments of the bombings’ advocates on the fact that this attack had drawn the end of the war nearer saving many lives. This statement seems completely unreasonable as bombs killed a great number of innocent civilians and were not worth the price. Another reason why Truman was wrong in his decision to use nuclear weapon (by the way, just once in the world’s history) is that Hiroshima & Nagasaki bombings weren’t actually necessary for the victory in the war: the regular bombings continued anyway and the Japanese government being under intense pressure was about to surrender. In other words, American bomb attack hadn’t played a crucial role in establishment of peace, but had become a vast disaster resulting in numerous casualties, radiation spread and devastation. Thus, I consider President Truman’s decision to be useless, brutal and inhumane having much in common with mere genocide and

Ocean Parks Business Level Strategy approaches

Ocean Parks Business Level Strategy approaches The Ocean Park has been opened in Hong Kong for more than 30 years, the Ocean Park have already been a special logo to the Hong Kong residents and a famous scenic spot for the foreign visitors. As per the mission statement from the Park is provides all guests with memorable experiences that combine entertainment and education, while inspiring lifelong learning and conservation advocacy. The Ocean Park is doing the entertainment businesses in Hong Kong with its theme park that delivers the integrated entertainment services to its guests. This paper will study the business level strategy approaches by using different analytical tools to analyze the related industry environment and the macro-environment that the Park is doing business with. Furthermore, it will also study the internal and external environment that would leads to some threats or opportunities for its further development. Chapter 1 Introduction Ocean Park Hong Kong, a theme park operates by the Ocean Park Corporation that delivers entertainment business in Hong Kong. The Park was officially opened in 1977 by the then Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Murray MacLehose. It was built at a cost of HK$150 million funded by the Hong Kong Jockey Club and free land provided by the Hong Kong Government. The Park is situated on the southern side of Hong Kong Island and it is the Hong Kong primer educational and entertainment theme park that covers more than 870,000 square meters of land and features a diverse selection of world-class marine attraction, thrill rides and shows divided into three major areas: Lowland, Headland and Tai Shue Wan. Over the years, the Park has consistently rejuvenated and reinvented itself to better serve its guests, establishing itself as a major tourist attraction both locally and abroad. Since its opening more than 30 years ago, over 95 million guests have visited Ocean Park. Over 5 million guests visit The Ocean Park each year. Being the one of the largest theme park in Hong Kong, Ocean Park delivers not only thrill rides but also the educational and conservation of wildlife and habitats through various campaigns. The Ocean Park Conservation Foundation (OPCF) was found in 1993 and the Foundation wished to significantly improve the attitudes and practices towards conservation in Hong Kong and Asia through cooperative programs with other conservation organizations. Not even at all, The Hong Kong Society for Panda Conservation (HKSPC) was also launched in 1999 to educate the community and support conservation of the giant pandas and their habitat. Both the HKSPC and OPCF were merged into a single organization on 1 July 2005 as the Ocean Park Conservation Foundation Hong Kong (OPCFHK). Vision and Mission The vision of Ocean Park is aspires to be a world leader in providing excellent guest experiences in a theme park environment connecting people with nature, whilst the Mission of the Park is to provides all guests with memorable experiences that combine entertainment and education, while inspiring lifelong learning and conservation advocacy. Our aim is to maintain a healthy financial status, while striving to deliver the highest standards of safety, animal care, products and guest service. Furthermore, the Park expresses its core value by several elements: Fun, Service, Safety, Education and Conservation and Respect for People. (Ocean Park, Corporation Information. URL: http://www.oceanpark.com.hk/html/en/footer/corporate-information/vision.html) The key stakeholders would be those customers that have the expectation to the Ocean Park which a theme park could provide with special features together with exciting, education and conservation. With its vision, mission and core values, the Park has differentiate itself from the other theme parks which it aims to provide elements of entertainment, education and conservation at an affordable price to meet with its customers expectation. In this report, the objectives are to analyszs the current position of the Ocean Park through various analytical tools and to find out its strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats and finally makes recommendation to encounter the potential risks. Chapter 2 Analysis 2.1 Porter 5 Forces Analysis Porters five forces is a framework for the industry analysis and business strategy development developed by Michael E. Porter. It is an analytical tool to analyses and determines the competitive intensity and therefore the attractiveness of the market. The tool is referred to these five forces as the micro environment and the more intense study to the market competition. Yet competition for profit goes beyond established industry rivals to include four other competitive forces as well: customers, suppliers, potential entrants, and substitute products. The extended rivalry that results from all five forces defines an industrys structure and shapes the nature of competitive interaction within an industry. (Porter E., 2008:25) Rivalry among Existing Competitors Although Hong Kong is a small city with limited area, however, the Ocean Park had been open since 1977 and being the largest theme park in Hong Kong. Throughout the time, the Park had no major competitor for more than 20 years until the other theme park was confirmed to construct in Hong Kong, The Disneyland Hong Kong. This has created intense competition greatly decrease the market share of Ocean Park. Threat of New Entrant The increase of new theme parks in other East Asia country has created the threats posed by the entry of new competitors. This has forced the numbers of visit down and put much more pressure to the entry numbers for both local and international visitors. Moreover, as stated on the above, the limited space of Hong Kong to set up another new theme park among Ocean Park and Disneyland will be very difficult. In such case, the force of the threat of new entrant is considered low comprising those factors. Threat of the Substitutes The Park provides the entertainment business in Hong Kong and to retain visitors mainly by fun and education. However, from the view of micro environment to the provision of the entertainment business, it would possibly has other substitutes service that providing the similar services, just likes the Ngong Ping 360 and The Peak Experience, etc. These new travel scenic spots provide similar services and experiences to retain those visitors. Bargaining Power of Buyers The power of buyers refers to the ability of the customers to be able to negotiate the prices from the seller. Consumers have little influence over the manufacturers and service providers in negotiating prices. The Ocean Parks is a theme park that combines with the thrill rides that providing the visitors an exciting experience while the other hand to provide with the connection of natural through conservation and breeding programs undertaken for its unique collection of insects, fishes, birds and marine mammals. These unique experiences could only be founded in the Ocean Park and thus the bargaining power of buyers in considered low. Bargaining Power of Suppliers The Ocean Park named the worlds 15th-ranked theme park base on the annual attendance by the Themed Entertainment Association and Economics Research Associates, the huge number of the visitors that enable the park a strong negotiation power with its suppliers, especially the food suppliers for the Bayview Restaurant, Terrace Cafà ©, Headland Rides, Panda Cafà © and the Middle Kingdom Restaurant located inside the park. Refers to the Fig. 1.2 at the appendix, the income by the catering service was increased from more than three million Hong Kong Dollars from 2008 to 2009. Although, the sales of goods had a slightly decrease, however, there were additional income from the commission of franchised retails store. This would show the attraction of doing business in Ocean Park could reflect to a significant revenue to the franchised store. For instance, the suppliers or the manufacturers of those foods and souvenir are also considered has low bargaining power to the Ocean Park. These fact ors were comprised because of the huge numbers of the visitor attendance. 2.2 PESTEL Analysis There are many factors that could affect the decision of the organization in the macro-environment. The PESTEL analysis comprises five major elements including Political, Economic, and Environmental, Social, Technological and Legal factors. These factors describe a framework of macro-environment and used to identify the changes and possible barriers in the macro-environment all around the organization. (Oxford University Press, PESTEL analysis of the macro-environment. URL: http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199296378/01student/additional/page_12.htm ) Political The huge numbers of annual attendance enable the Ocean Park named the worlds 15th-ranked theme park among those related associations. Moreover, this annual attendance is mainly domain by the political changes in Hong Kong and China. In the recent years, the Hong Kong and China Government launches the self-tour-guided program which allows the residence in the approved province to visits Hong Kong freely, and the approved numbers of China province that put into the this program was expanded from time to time. Hence, the visitors from China were increasing over the years. Refers to the Figure 1.3 in the appendix, it shows the number of visitor arrivals by country / territory of residence (Census and Statistics Department, 2010) from 2008 to 2009. This indicated the visitors from the Mainland China were the largest numbers accounted among those countries. Economic With reference to the Figure 1.5 and 1.6, this indicated the financial statement of the Ocean Park in year 2008 to 2009. (Ocean Park, Annual Report, 2009) The overall operation expenditure is keeping risen up in the years, such as employees benefits, maintenance and other advertising and promotion cost is raised up to maintain the normal operation of the Park. Unfortunately, the admission income and other revenue are oppositely reducing. These unfavorable factors bring the threat to the Park in operation. Social In the recent years, the tourism industry in Hong Kong is major from the visitors from the Mainland China since the population growth rate is decreasing and the ageing population rate is oppositely increasing. Figure 1.4 on the appendix shows the approach of population growth rate, it is very obvious that the age group from 5 to 14 is decreasing and that would possibly leads the Park loses the attendance from this group. Moreover, the Ocean Park had launched various programs to encounter this threat to become opportunity. Technological The technological improvement enhances the Ocean Park continue to breed the rare marine mammals, panda and other insect. The living area for those rare creatures require a stable room temperature, humidity or other special requirements since they are migrated from the other environment which may different from Hong Kong. The improvement in technological development enhances the stability to let them adapt in new environment. Environmental Environmental issues have been an important topic over the world. Motor vehicles are the main cause of high concentrations of respirable suspended particulates and nitrogen oxides at street level in Hong Kong. The Government introduced a comprehensive program in 2000 to tackle this problem with targets to reduce these two emissions from motor vehicle by 80% and 30% respectively by the end of 2005. (Environmental Protection Department, 2010) Being the environmental leader, the Park launched a Clean Air by Ocean Park project including the first hybrid vehicle operates in Hong Kong. After that, nominated by the HKSAR government in 2000, Ocean Park received funding of HK$10 million by The Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust to replace 22 aged diesel vehicles and gasoline carts with environmental-friendly vehicles, to promote clean-air environment and support global conservation. Legal The Ocean Park Corporation is a statutory body incorporated under the Ocean Park Corporation under the Ocean Park Ordinance (Chapter 388). The Corporations principal activity is to manage and control the Ocean Park as a public recreational and educational park to the public. (Ocean Park, Code of Corporate Governance Practices, 2009) Since the Ocean Park Corporation became statutory body, its internal operation and the establishment of the management team is appointed by the Government of the HKSAR. This legal factor makes the operation of the Park bonded by the Government and loses its independence. The above analysis pointed out the opportunity, threat, strength and weaknesses of the Ocean Park in the macro-environment. The technological changes, social and the environmental factors would be the most favorable factors to the Park for future development. However, there would be threats from the political and economic issues to the Park since it will depend on the governments decision and also not controllable factors. 2.3 Internal Analysis Resource-based View The resource-based view is a business management tool used to determine the strategic resources available to a company. The fundamental principle of the resource-based view is that the basis for a competitive advantage of a firm lies primarily in the application of the bundle of valuable resources at the firms disposal. (Wernerfelt B, 1984:172) On the other hand, strategic capability is also another element to determine the success of the organization. Strategic Capability is the ability to perform at the level required for success. It is underpinned by the resources and competences of the organization. (Johnson Gerry Scholes Kevin, 2008:23) Throughout the analysis in both competitive forces and the macro-environment in the related industry, the capabilities of the Ocean Park have been identified in its business strategy. Core Competence A core competency can take various forms, including technical/subject matter know-how, a reliable process and/or close relationships with customers and suppliers. (Hamel, G. Prahalad, C.K., 1990) It may also include product development or culture, such as employee dedication. On the other hand, the core competences are those activities that underpin competitive advantage and are difficult from competitors to imitate or to obtain. Several shows theatre in the Ocean Park is unique and it is difficult and impossible to obtain by its competitors, such as the shows by birds, sea lion and other marine mammals. Unique Resources Unique resources are resources that create competitive advantage and are difficult to imitate, they critically underpin competitive advantage. (Johnson Gerry Scholes Kevin, 2008:24) The unique resources of the Ocean Park enable its competitive advantages to the competitors. The most valuable physical assets of the Ocean Park are those rare marine mammals and the panda given by the Mainland China. These national treasures are value inestimable and they elaborate their attraction to the visitors. These treasures could only be found in the Ocean Park and other theme park does not have the same resources in Hong Kong. Furthermore, the Ocean Park has been opened for more than 30 years in Hong Kong; it has already built up goodwill to the local peoples. The education, conservation and natural scenic environment are the intangible resources of the Park and these resources enhance the Park to develop its brand and goodwill over the years. Chapter 3 TOWS Analysis The TOWS Matrix is an analytical tool to matching the environmental threats and opportunities with the companys weakness and its strengths. (Heinz Weihrich, 1982) Throughout the PESTEL and internal analysis of the Ocean Park, some areas have been identified as the threats and opportunities for the future development of the Park. As analyzed in the PESTEL analysis, the political and economic factors would be the threats to the Ocean Park in future development. Since the attendances are mostly likely by the visitors from the Mainland China, however, this would depends on the policy changes by both Government and it would not be possibly controlled by the Ocean Park. Furthermore, the risen up of employees benefits, the maintenance and other advertising and promotion cost would also be the threats to the Park. On one hand, the reducing admission also leads to the revenue drop in the recent years. Such huge expenditure and uncontrollable factors would be the major weakness to the operation of the Park. As stated above the unique resources and the core competences would be the strength of the Ocean Park while compare with its major competitors. Moreover, to overcome the threats that the Park is encountering, the Corporation had launches some special program likes wedding ceremonies to tackle the low birth rate and changed the target customers to another age range. The Ocean Park Halloween Bash launches to attract more local visitors to stave off from the policy changes by the self-tour-guided visitors of the Mainland China. Chapter 4 Conclusion for Strategy Recommendations After conducted several analysis of different environments to the Ocean Park, the result from those analysis comes to the end and some business strategies of the Ocean Park were identified. First of all, in coping with the five competitive forces, (Porter E. Michael, 2008) there are three potentially successful generic strategic approaches to outperforming other firms in an industry. The cost leadership, differentiation and the focus strategy. (Porter E Michael, 1980) In view of the Ocean Park performing, the differentiation strategy is employed. A differentiation strategy is appropriate to adopted where the target customer segment is not price-sensitive, the market is competitive or saturated, customers have very specific needs which are possibly under-served, and the firm has unique resources and capabilities which enable it to satisfy these needs in ways that are difficult to copy. The Ocean Park differentiates itself through the unique iconic attractions by rare animals and natural scenic environment which other theme park in Hong Kong could not be easily provided. On one hand, the brand Ocean Park had already embedded to most of the local residents and foreign visitors, the advertising and branding enhances value propositions and sustainable differentiation is concisely develop with a range of activities uniquely that impact on the customer purchase decision. Furthermore, the overall environment enhances to provide education and conservation to all the attendances. Although new competitors had already entered into the market, however, with the aims of the Ansoffs Matrix (Ansoff. I, 1957), the Ocean Park is recommended to taking action by market penetration and product development to obtain stable and sustainable development. Market penetration occurs when a company enters/penetrates a market with current products. The best way to achieve this is by gaining competitors customers which means the part of the market share. Other ways include attracting non-users of your product or convincing current clients to use more of your product or service, with advertising or other promotions. Market penetration is the least risky way for a company to grow. The Ocean Park should differentiate itself by existing services to gain the market share from its competitors, just likes the rare animals that enable continuous penetration to the existing market. On the other hand, the product development is also another strategy that the Park could employs. A firm with a market for its current products might embark on a strategy of developing other products catering to the same market. The continuous re-development project enable new thrill rides that the competitors may not delivers in short period of time and it would not be p ossible to making the same thrill rides as the Ocean Park. Frequently, when a firm creates or to usher in with new products, it can gain new customers for these products or services. Hence, new product development can be a crucial business development strategy for firms to stay competitive. In addition, strategic alliance of subcontracting may also be considered in the development of the Park. Strategic alliance is where two or more organizations share resources and activities to pursue a strategy. In the case of Ocean Park, the highest maintenance, advertising, promotion and growth of employees benefits would be a high risk to the Corporation to stay competitive in the market. In view of these critical issues, subcontracting alliances method can be considered to tackle this issue and to meet with the stakeholders expectation. To be keeping a health financial status of the Corporation, some of the operational function could be subcontracted out to lower the operation cost from direct labor generated. Last but not least, the Ocean Park has continuously makes the improvement through different strategies. Throughout this study, understood that the Park has retained its best to meet with its stakeholders expectation and cope with its mission statement, Ocean Park provides all guests with memorable experiences that combine entertainment and education, while inspiring lifelong learning and conservation advocacy. Our aim is to maintain a healthy financial status, while striving to deliver the highest standards of safety, animal care, products and guest service Appendix Fig. 1.1 Porter 5 Forces Model Source: Harvard Business Review, 2008 Fig. 1.2 Note to Financial Statement Source: Ocean Park, Annual Report 2008 2009 Fig. 1.3 Visitors Arrivals by Country / Territory of Residence Source: Census and Statistics Department URL: www.censtatd.gov.hkFileManagerENContent_807transport.pdf Fig. 1.4 Resident Population Approach Source: Census and Statistics Department URL: www.censtatd.gov.hk_showtablecust.jsp Fig. 1.5 Notes to the Financial Statement Source: Ocean Park, Annual Report 2008 2009 Fig. 1.6 Revenue Statement Source: Ocean Park, Annual Report 2008 2009

change in art/expressive cultures Essay -- essays research papers

Through globalization western culture has changed in art/expressive cultures. Expressive culture/art has played a part in the helping professions since ancient times. As early as 500 BC, the Egyptians utilized concerts and dance in the treatment of the mentally ill. Likewise, the Greeks used drama as a way of assisting the disturbed in purging their repressed emotions. The Hebrews relied on music, and other arts, in restoring and promoting mental health too, the most famous example being David who played his harp to soothe a distraught King Saul. Literature was seen by the Romans as a specific way of helping too. Lucretius, Roman poet and the author of the philosophical epic De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of the Universe), a comprehensive exposition of the Epicurean world-view, thought poetry could disperse the "terrors of the soul". In recent times, the expressive arts consist of verbal and nonverbal ways of representing feelings, there has been renewed interest in the use of the arts especially art forms that are considered "expressive." Through concrete and abstract verbal and nonverbal art forms that inspire, direct, and heal. For example the guerrilla girls, allowing individuals options in conveying their emotions their arts are used in helping and enabling themselves in a humorous way to make informed decisions and versatility in what they believe in, Feminism. And what about, Andres Serrano, of Piss Christ, his fame which according to web site, â€Å"e...

The 1962 Salem Conspiracy Essay -- essays research papers

During the year of 1692, the small town of Salem seems to have been in a state of panic and confusion. The book Witchcraft at Salem, by Chadwick Hansen, is about the witchcraft conspiracies the town has experienced. Hansen goes on to explore the truthfulness of the "possessed" young girls. The reason why Hansen wrote the book is to try to set straight the record of the witchcraft phenomena at Salem, Massachusetts, in the year 1692, about which much has been written and much misunderstood. Hansen has a very respectable education. He graduated and obtained a Bachelors degree from the much respected Yale University. He went on to continue his education and obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota. Hansen has had many teaching jobs throughout his life. From 1955-60 Hansen was an assistant professor at Pennsylvania State University. From 1965-70 he was a Professor of English and American studies at the University of Minnesota. His most accomplished teaching job was whe n he was a professor and Director of American Civilization at the University of Iowa. To help with his teaching he was in many history groups. He was a member of the Modern Language Association, American Studies Association, and American Historical Association. Hansen has written numerous books including, The American Renaissance: The History and Literature of an Era, and Modern Fiction: Form and Idea in the Contemporary Novel and Short Story. Hansen has many qualifications to write a historical piece during the American Revolution time period. In the summer of 1692, many strange and out of the ordinary events were taking place in Salem. Several young girls and young women began to have strange fits. They were eventually examined by doctors. "Dr. William Griggs examined Elizabeth Paris and Abigail Williams and came to the conclusion that the evil hand is upon them." With this analysis he was informing the patients that they were the victims of witchcraft. Before the girls were examined many members of the Salem community came to the conclusion that witchcraft was the reason the girls were having the strange fits. Following this was a series of hearings and trials, which resulted in the death of 20 people. This was not an uncommon practice used during that time. â€Å"Approximately nine hundred witches were burned in the single city of Bamberg, a... ...I believe it provided the reader with a better understanding of the different reasons the girls were acting in the nature they did. Overall I enjoyed reading Witchcraft at Salem. Hansen brought new ideas while challenging the old ones in a very enthusiastic manner. Many scholars have differing views on what happened at Salem. Some believe that girls were lying, while some believe that a physical ailment was the cause. This book was great for a reader who wanted to find several opinions on what took place in Salem. If the reader wanted to know just the basic facts of the Salem Witch Trials then I would not recommend this book. Witchcraft at Salem requires a general knowledge of what happened during the witch trials because it goes very in depth. This book might be confusing to someone who slept in high school history or english and knows nothing of what happened at Salem during 1962. Erikson, Kai T. â€Å"Were some of those witches real?† The New York Times. 6 July 1969, BR5. Hansen, Chadwick. Witchcraft at Salem. New York: George Braziller, 1969. Marion A. Knight, ed. â€Å"Chadwick Hansen.† Book Review Digest. New York: The H. W. Wilson Company, 1927, 273.

Nordstrom Case Analysis Essay

Former Nordstrom employees accuse them of using unfair labor and discriminatory practices to intimidate employees and force them to perform tasks like stocking and picking up merchandise during non-working hours . Nordstrom employees receive little formal training when hired or promoted to new positions, but they are expected to perform their duties consistent with the â€Å"Nordstrom Way† which is customer service above and beyond the call of duty. Training is informally provided through on-the-job communication, which increases the opportunity for miscommunication. This communication can be deliberate due to peer competition and pressures to succeed from managers, or lack of knowledge by co-workers and managers from whom they are encouraged to seek training. Management skills are not required to manage employees, nor is training provided to employees who achieve management positions. There is no real evaluation system in place to measure employee performance. There is no goal setting process that requires â€Å"manager – employee pair sets benchmarks for measuring progress, particularly when the employee is new in the role† (Harvard Business School Press, 2007). Goals help to define what managers expect from their employees. The only employee metric used that is measurable is Sales per Hours (SPH) even-though there are other performance criteria such as customer service and teamwork which are part of the employee evaluation process. Employees who do not achieve the minimum required SPH are categorized as under-performers. If SPH is consistently below the minimum standard set by the department manager, this can lead to termination or isolation as employees feel uncomfortable and inadequate. Upon being hired by Nordstrom employees are told that â€Å"the three Nordstrom performance criteria: customer service, productivity and teamwork† (Buller, Paul F. and Schuler, Randall S. , 2003) are needed to be promoted. However employees are not advised as to how the criteria will be evaluated. The only evaluation employees receive is from their manager, there is no secondary layer of management to review the employee performance evaluation to ensure fairness. Nordstrom does not have a formal company-wide evaluation form, therefore there is no consistency in the evaluation process. The evaluation technique is different for each manager, making it difficult to compare employee performance across the different functional areas in the company. Employees performing tasks not directly related to merchandise sale, are not compensated for hours worked. Observational learning was used to encourage employees to work non-selling hours off the clock â€Å"If one employee is donating a lot of time it forces others to do the same† (Buller, Paul F. and Schuler, Randall S. , 2003). Employees are forced to adhere to the informal organizational culture or they are not considered team players. Nordstrom should establish formal and consistent Standard Operating Procedures, to which their employees can resort to for guidance. Managers should be required to attend training programs. This would enable managers to provide their employees with formal training base on the company’s policies and procedures. Formal training along with on-the-job training would help to alleviate some of the obstacles faced by current or new employees who are promoted to new positions within the organization. Employees should be provided with handbooks and/or training materials that specifically outlines how performance criteria will be measured and evaluated. Managers and employees need to establish goals and ways to achieving them. They should meet on an on-going basis to discuss employee progress for each performance criteria. Nordstrom has used their decentralized management approach to build a very successful and profitable retail empire. They encourage entrepreneurial opportunities among their employees. New employees are given business cards and encouraged to build relationships with their customers, by creating personal â€Å"thank you† letters, and keeping records of merchandise they sell. They are also encouraged to develop a solid customer base. Nordstrom allow employees to be involved in the decision making process, by not restricting them with lots of rules, for instance â€Å"Nordstrom replaced its 20-page rule book with a one-page sheet and few words of wisdom: â€Å"Use your best judgment in all situations† (Buller, Paul F. nd Schuler, Randall S. , 2003). This allows employees to do whatever it takes to ensure their customers are satisfied. Self-motivation courses are offered to both employees and managers with emphasis on setting daily accomplishments. Employees are allowed to set their own personal goals and the pace at which they achieve those goals. For example one employee stated â€Å"the first year I consciously set quarterly goals to achieve the Pacesetter requirement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and closely monitored my progress† (Buller, Paul F. and Schuler, Randall S. 2003). Employees are given the flexibility to essentially manage themselves and track their own progress with one objective: keep sales per hour high relative to hours worked. Employees are duly compensated for their hard work and dedication â€Å"Nordstrom employees earn some of the highest salaries in the retail business† (Buller, Paul F. and Schuler, Randall S. , 2003). They also encourage hard work by promoting from within which motivates employees to work hard as a promotion could lead to a higher salary and other incentives. Nordstrom uses positive reinforcements by providing various incentives to employees to encourage them to achieve high SPH, for example free dinners, cash rewards and store discounts. Employees who achieve the highest sales are recognized by having their picture displayed in the store and also having their names broadcast over the store’s loudspeaker system. Employees can track how they are performing in relation to their peers on a regular basis, as SPH figures are displayed for all to see via charts and electronic printouts. The problem arose because Nordstrom did not have any formal company policies which are necessary in order to establish required behavior from individual employees. Employee expectations were not explicitly communicated and expectations were established by managers without employee involvement. Managers did not take the time to â€Å"find out what employees think of the proposed expectations† (Harvard Business School Press, 2007). Their only focus was ensuring that Sales per Hour (SPH) remained high, employee development was not important to managers. Nordstrom’s hiring policy requires employees to be innate â€Å"Nordies. † Nordies are â€Å"nice, motivated, hardworking†¦.. self-empowered people who have an entrepreneurial spirit† (Buller, Paul F. and Schuler, Randall S. , 2003). Employees and managers never collaborate to set individual goals, instead goals were set by departmental managers or store managers, but employees are still expected to achieve goals. Outstanding performance was expected from all employees even-though goals were not individually tailored. Employees who â€Å"regularly had trouble meeting sales quotas or coping with pressure to improve performance were dismissed† (Buller, Paul F. and Schuler, Randall S. , 2003). Steep negative consequences were suffered by employees that did not perform up to par with their peers. Setting individual employee goals and ways to achieve them will yield the most desired result in the long term. By providing formal training to employees, and explicitly stating what is expected from the employee, will result in more productivity from employees in the long run and reduce the company’s turn-over rate. This will also reduce the cost for hiring new employees, as replacing employees cost one and a half times the current employee salary to hire a new employee, therefore saving Nordstrom money in the long term. On-going review of employee progress will help to level the playing field and relieve some of the pressures and intimidation some employees feel working at Nordstrom. Formal training of employees is both costly and time consuming. The time spent training employees lowers SPH as this time would be considered non-selling hours. Employees who are successful under the current system might resist changes. Employees might not have the educational capacity to learn new techniques. Employee training is the best option, and will yield the most desired long term results. Develop and roll out a company-wide Standard Operating Procedure handbook using input from outside sources in order to achieve desired results. Develop a company-wide evaluation form enabling standardization of the way employees are evaluated by managers. Roll out on-the-job training for all employees, ensuring that all employees understand how to perform their job functions. Provide employees with written job descriptions. Establish consistent company-wide goals. Goals can then be tailored for each department. Collaborate with each employee to establish how the goals will be achieved and the milestone dates for achieving those goals. Establish a specific time frame for reviewing employee goals. Offer employee feedback on an on-going basis.

Cjs 210 Week 6 Checkpoint

Reactive Patrol CJS/210 January 17, 2012 Michael Catanzarita Reactive Patrol As I read chapter seven â€Å"Patrol and Traffic â€Å", I learn that a reactive patrol is a form of random patrol. Random patrol is said to be incident driven, or reactive, in that officers are responding to crimes only after they occur, either through rapid response to calls for service or to a violation or call in progress. Due to officer constantly moving it makes responding to these 911 calls easier and faster to respond. The specific activities an officer engages in while on random patrol vary significantly across officers, times, locations, and departments, because much of the time spent on patrol is officer initiated (Grant & Terry, 2008). I also learned about proactive patrol which is known as a Directed patrol. A direct patrol focuses more on targeted hot spots, crime problems, and/or offenders. Directed patrol addresses the problem-identification component of the problem solving process (Grant & Terry, 2008). Sometimes a directed patrol can occur on an informal level; this may be when an officer regularly drives past hot spots during random wanderings or parking the squad car in a specific location when writing reports are examples of an informal level. If policing agencies adopted only one of these patrol styles it would be harder to have police discretion. The condition of officer’s reaction to certain responds would change. If there was only reactive patrol officers would never be able to try to stop crimes before they happen. It would be wonderful to be able to stop all crimes before they happen but in all actuality we know this is not possible and that is why we need reactive and proactive patrol to keep our streets safe. Reference Grant, H. B. , & Terry, K. J. (2008). Law Enforcement. Patrol and Traffic, 7(Chapter 7), 171-172.

Paragraphs Essay

Paragraph 1 A good introductory paragraph. This summarizes the next couple of paragraphs and also has a certain intriguing appeal – it arouses the reader’s curiosity and impels him to read further. The first sentence, however, could easily have been dropped – the second sentence would make a more compelling introduction to the essay. Paragraph 2 Here the writer develops on the thread of diversity. Note that there is an emphasis on aspects that are important to an MBA course (strong analytical skills, math skills, work experience). The writer shows effectively that she has not been ‘wasting her time’ – besides earning a degree, she has earned valuable work experience and done something for the environment. Volunteer work is a strong advantage while applying to an MBA course – universities love people with a social conscience! (To a lesser degree, this is true if you’re applying to other graduate courses as well, as long as you show that your primary interest, now and in the future, is in the field you are applying to). At the same time, it is important that this experience appears genuine – so before making tall claims, make sure that you can substantiate them, preferably by actually doing some volunteer / social work. The last sentence ties the paragraph together. The argu ment ‘my experiences have shaped me’ is invaluable IF you have strong or unusual life experiences and in some cases can also partially compensate for an average or below-average academic record. Paragraph 3 We come to a shift in focus with this paragraph. The writer wraps up the ‘diversity’ thread well. Saying that she has a diversity of experience to offer, ‘among other things’, is a good idea – it implies that there is much more to her, qualities and assets that could not be described here because of space limitations It might have been a better idea to begin the next topic – ‘most important achievement’ in a new paragraph. The abrupt change of subject has a slightly disconcerting effect here. Paragraph 4 While this paragraph is ostensibly an introduction to the problem handled by the writer, it also makes two points, subtly – 1) she had been working in the family firm on a continuous basis and kept her eyes open to spot an area of improvement, 2) she is familiar with popular software packages and very comfortable with a PC. Paragraph 5 The first sentence risks sounding slightly pompous, but the writer’s earnestness comes through after reading the paragraph as a whole. Paragraph 6 Comes across as systematic, organized and thorough. Good qualities for any graduate applicant. Paragraph 7 This paragraph shows considerable maturity and learning from the event. A problem is not solved when you have a solution for it – implementing the solution is usually the biggest hurdle. Also, she realizes that company-wide changes rarely yield instant results, and must be followed up over a period of time to evaluate their effects. The last two sentences show that this project also had an effect on the company management’s thinking. Paragraph 8 Reflective paragraph on what she has gained from the project. She certainly seems to have been the driving force behind the project and it’s an impressive achievement. It might have been a good idea, though, to put in a line or two about how she learned to co-ordinate between various entities to get her job done. Good ending paragraph. Summary This is a mature, well-written application essay. Some of the ideas here are gold mines for other essays – describing how she founding and helping run FOE could be a whole essay by itself, and can be used to show how she used leadership and team skills (see Essay 5 – coming soon). Her experience in assisting in the implementation of an ERP system can also be used as an example of team skills and project management skills. MBA applicants have to write a number of essays for each school. It helps to have a bank of experiences to draw on. Writing a series of essays also means that you can afford to have a limited scope for each essay, and go a little deeper. We do feel, however, that this essay was a tad too limited on the ‘candid description’ of the writer. Diversity of experiences is an excellent point to make, but one more paragraph on other aspects of the writer’s personality would have strengthened the essay. Each application essay should answer the question asked in full. Note, however, that this writer says nothing about any liabilities that might influence graduate work. We have a tricky issue here – must you mention some liabilities just because the question asks for them? Here the writer chooses to ignore them and concentrates on qualities that will be an asset for graduate work. It might have paid off in this case because the essay basically asks, ‘How well are you suited for graduate work’. In an essay question of the type, ‘Discuss your strengths and weaknesses’ such a strategy would not work. Nevertheless, it’s a tough choice to make

Women in law enforcement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Women in law enforcement - Essay Example According to (Jon Felperin, 2005) in 1845, the first women to be hired by the New York City Police Department were called "matrons." In 1985, Penny Harrington of the Portland Oregon Police Department became the first female Chief of Police, Today, once the last bastion of male domination in the workplace, police organizational attitudes are finally beginning to change. And yet serious problems still remain. In 2004, women accounted for only 12.7 percent of all sworn law enforcement positions in large agencies and the numbers are declining. The percentage of sworn female officers in smaller agencies is even lower in spite of women comprising at 46.5 percent of the entire labor force. There could be many possible reasons for the decline in the number of women pursuing careers in law enforcement. Although research shows that women can be just as effective as men, uneven hiring practices, selection processes and recruitment policies keep the number of women artificially low. Often women are screened out of the selection process early on; as a result of certain entry level tests that favor upper body strength or previous life experience, such as military service. Most women never even consider a career in law enforcement to begin with, due to their misunderstanding of the nature of the job, and the aggressive and authoritarian images portrayed in the media. Once hired, however, women still face discrimination, sexual harassment, or even peer intimidation, and they often lack the necessary role models or mentors to help them move up the ranks. Many never even take promotional exams, giving first priority to family or personal relationships. All of this thwarts any efforts to recruit and retain more women, and is, in part, why numbers remain stagnant or continue to decline. And yet, recent changes in policing philosophy, emphasizing problem solving and community over intervention, have brought to light glaring inefficiencies and injustices. Widespread excessive force and corruption scandals, overwhelmingly attributed to male officers, are costing cities millions of dollars a year in lawsuit payouts. Because female officers utilize a different policing style and rely less on physical force and more on communications skills, potentially violent confrontations and are less likely to occur, or escalate into excessive force situations. Thus citizen complaints, or civil liabilities, are substantially less likely to occur. The implications of not having a representative number of female officers are clear. The under-representation of women at all levels in the modern police agency negatively impacts the culture and operational efficiency of law enforcement agencies throughout the country. Given the many difficult challenges facing modern agencies, the need to hire more women has never been more urgent. Women in law enforcement: Law enforcement has thus traditionally been regarded as a "man's job," and, while women have now been on patrol for three decades, many policemen still hold highly negative views of policewomen such as that they are physically incapable, insufficiently aggressive, too emotional, mentally weak, naive, and incapable of gaining the respect of citizens. Research has shown, however, that this is not the case: policewomen are as capable as their male counterparts, and, in many instances, better suited for police